Stress and the Spread of Cancer
Though it's clearly not a simple matter of cause and effect, the theory that stress is somehow related to cancer is a persistent one. There have been several long-range research studies that investigated a possible connection, but results were contradictory. However, a lab study from cancer biologists at Wake Forest University School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, recently found new evidence on the impact of the stress hormone epinephrine on cancers of the breast and prostate. Now we may be on the way to understanding this complex relationship better, and learning whether stress may actually cause cancer... or just causes the body to lose its ability to fight it.
STRESS LETS BAD CELLS TAKE CHARGE
The adrenal glands, which sit on the kidneys, produce epinephrine, also known as adrenaline. The body uses this hormone like a power tool at times of stress, but when stress is prolonged, the adrenals continue to pump out the hormone and levels remain elevated. Wondering how the excess epinephrine affects cancer cells, and by what process, researchers exposed breast and prostate cancer cells to the hormone in the lab. What's supposed to happen in the body, normally, is that a protein with the peculiar name of "BAD" helps trigger naturally occurring cell death, called apoptosis -- but when epinephrine comes into contact with BAD, as the researchers discovered, it activates enzymes that inactivate BAD and the cells continue to grow.
This might be one way high stress connects to cancer... unchecked by BAD, the cancerous cells continue on their destructive path. This discovery could help explain a previous Canadian study's finding that men who had taken beta blocker drugs for hypertension for at least four years had an 18% lower risk of developing prostate cancer... since beta blockers block the effects of epinephrine. Also, even more recently, another study published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Research, demonstrated that in patients with metastatic breast cancer, stressful or traumatic life events reduced the "median disease-free interval" to 30 months from 62.
INSIGHTS FROM THE RESEARCH TEAM
George Kulik, PhD, was one of the study's lead authors. When I called him he told me that not all types of cancer cells respond this way to stress hormones, so one priority is identifying which ones do. One reason past studies on stress and cancer have not been able to show a relationship could be because not all cancers are shown to react to epinephrine and Dr. Kulik suspects only 5% to 10% may be affected by the hormone. Dr. Kulik explained that in a large population study, these would be "washed out" in the overall findings. But once researchers know which cancer cells respond, they will have the opportunity to study them more closely.
WHAT CAUSES WHAT?
In some ways it almost seems like a bad joke -- a cancer diagnosis is highly stressful for anyone to have and obviously a time that stress hormones are likely to soar. It's not known whether epinephrine has an impact on the development of cancerous cells but, according to Dr. Kulik, the presence of stress hormones might interfere with cancer care because treatment is designed to trigger apoptosis of the diseased cells. Dr. Kulik and his colleagues are now working to learn more about the impact of stress hormones on individual patients, which he says will be aided by the fact that it is already possible to identify the level of stress hormones people have.
His team has now moved from experiments in the lab to doing them with mice. However, there is no reason to wait to develop better awareness of personal stress levels and to build an arsenal of tools to handle stress more successfully. Immediate responses to the acute stress of, say, receiving disappointing news or being anxious about a big event should include deep breathing, quiet music and other practices that are instantly soothing. For longer-term stress, such as day-to-day parenting challenges, a difficult job situation, or, for that matter, a cancer diagnosis, it is useful to develop stress management skills, which may include meditation, self-hypnosis, exercise and other techniques that calm the mind and the body. You can learn these in formal classes frequently found at community centers, YMCAs and the like, but there are also many books and CDs that are extremely helpful in practicing these techniques at home. Since stress has certainly been linked to other diseases as well, you can't lose by focusing on managing your stress.
Source(s): George Kulik, PhD, assistant professor of cancer biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
The Core Of Heart Health
Surprise: It's a strength routine that I recommend for optimal cardiac fitness
By Arthur Agatston , Arthur Agatston, MD, is a preventive cardiologist and Prevention's "From the Heart Doc." He is also a member of Prevention's medical advisory board.
On some days, I feel more like an orthopedist than a cardiologist: The first complaints I hear from my patients concern aching muscles and joints. Problems with knees, ankles, shoulders, and the lower back head the list. I take their complaints seriously, because regular exercise is key to maintaining good heart health and, as you know, if you're hurt, it's not easy to work out.
My advice to these patients is to begin a functional/core-training program that safely builds muscle, flexibility, and endurance. A "functional" program is one that exercises many muscle groups in many directions against some resistance. Digging a ditch is a form of functional exercise, but you can achieve the same results (and forgo the mud) with a variety of regimens. For instance, I do Pilates every morning, and since I started 3 years ago, most of my muscle and joint aches and pains have disappeared. I jump out of bed in the morning instead of hobbling out.
Because it includes some resistance training, functional exercise builds muscle mass. By gaining muscle, you raise your metabolic rate--the pace at which your body, even at rest, burns calories. (Your body burns more calories maintaining a gram of muscle than it does a gram of fat.) That helps you drop pounds, which lowers your risk of having a heart attack. Additionally, strong, flexible muscles protect against injury so you are better able to continue cardio workouts essential to heart health.
So, a better way to strengthen your biceps is to curl a free weight while standing, with your knees slightly bent and your back straight. You end up working out not just your arms but also the muscles of your abdomen, back, and legs. If you work with hand weights, do your shoulder presses and lateral raises while twisting your torso. If you take just one gym class a week, make it Pilates.
With a strong core, you're assured of being able to carry on with your heart-fortifying campaign. And if you stay injury free, you'll get me out of the orthopedic racket and free me up to do what I do best: be your heart doctor.
Work out after a heart attack, too:
Heart-strengthening exercises are also essential after a heart attack and can reduce the risk of death from a second heart attack by as much as 30%. But only 18% of patients get even one session of cardiac rehab after being released from the hospital, says the journal Circulation. It's wise for patients who have had a heart attack or bypass surgery to sign up for what's called secondary prevention, which includes supervised exercise, social support, and counseling about nutrition and stress.
ARTHUR AGATSTON, MD, a preventive cardiologist and an associate professor of medicine at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, conducted several groundbreaking studies on heart disease and wrote the international bestseller The South Beach Diet. He maintains a cardiology practice and research foundation in Miami Beach, FL.
Copyright 2007, Prevention
A Good Stretch
Try the Birddog
Targeted Muscles:
Lumbar extensors - longissimus, iliocostalis, multifidi
~ From an all-fours position, extend one leg and the opposite arm so that they are parallel to the floor. Hold this position for seven to eight seconds, and then repeat with the opposite arm and leg. ~
Training Points to Emphasize:
Maintain neutral spinal alignment throughout the exercise. Maintain a mild contraction of the abdominal wall to help ensure spine stability. Avoid "hiking" the hip, which twists the spine.
